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通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)各(ge)方的(de)(de)基本法(fa)律(lv)義(yi)務。我國《民(min)法(fa)典(dian)》第五百(bai)零九條(tiao)規定(ding)，“當事(shi)人(ren)應當遵循誠(cheng)信原則，根據(ju)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)性質(zhi)、目的(de)(de)和交易習慣履行(xing)(xing)(xing)通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、協助、保密等義(yi)務”。這就明(ming)確了通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作為(wei)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)各(ge)方的(de)(de)附隨義(yi)務，也意味(wei)著即(ji)便合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)約定(ding)通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)相(xiang)關內容，承包(bao)商(shang)也負(fu)有(you)通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)義(yi)務。從合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)約定(ding)本身(shen)來(lai)看，通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)款(kuan)也是工程合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)一個關鍵組成(cheng)部分(fen)，其主(zhu)要目的(de)(de)是確保對(dui)于可能導致工期延(yan)誤或成(cheng)本增加的(de)(de)事(shi)項進行(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)(ji)(ji)時溝通(tong)，以(yi)維護各(ge)方利益。尤其是對(dui)施加于承包(bao)人(ren)的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)務來(lai)講，及(ji)(ji)(ji)時通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可以(yi)讓(rang)發包(bao)人(ren)盡(jin)早對(dui)涉及(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)事(shi)項進行(xing)(xing)(xing)調查(cha)，了解信息(xi)并收集(ji)相(xiang)關證據(ju)，進而快速予以(yi)響(xiang)應。本文以(yi)2020版工程總(zong)承包(bao)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)范(fan)本中(zhong)的(de)(de)相(xiang)關條(tiao)款(kuan)為(wei)例，對(dui)承包(bao)商(shang)的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要求(qiu)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)析。

2020版總承包合同范(fan)本中(zhong)的通知條(tiao)款

工(gong)程實(shi)踐中(zhong)，許多爭議均與各方(fang)未(wei)(wei)(wei)能遵循合(he)同中(zhong)通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)條款的(de)要求有(you)關，包(bao)(bao)括：通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)發送(song)形式(shi)(shi)不(bu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)、未(wei)(wei)(wei)能在約定期(qi)限內(nei)發出通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)、未(wei)(wei)(wei)能將(jiang)通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)發送(song)給正確的(de)接收方(fang)等形式(shi)(shi)問(wen)(wen)題，以及通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)內(nei)容不(bu)完(wan)(wan)備、未(wei)(wei)(wei)按照規(gui)(gui)范(fan)格式(shi)(shi)編(bian)寫通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)等內(nei)容問(wen)(wen)題。尤(you)其對(dui)承包(bao)(bao)人(ren)而言，是(shi)否完(wan)(wan)全遵守(shou)合(he)同的(de)要求向發包(bao)(bao)人(ren)或工(gong)程師發出通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)，將(jiang)影響(xiang)其索賠權利及其他合(he)同救(jiu)濟的(de)實(shi)現。對(dui)于承包(bao)(bao)人(ren)的(de)通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)義務，2020版工(gong)程總承包(bao)(bao)合(he)同范(fan)本中(zhong)明(ming)確了(le)以下事項：

（1）通知的形式要求；

（2）通知的觸發事件與發出的時限要求；

（3）通知的(de)內容(rong)要求(qiu)；

（4）若(ruo)未(wei)按要求(qiu)發送(song)通知時，承包人所需承擔的相應責任。

對通知的形式要求

2020版(ban)工程總承(cheng)包合同范本(ben)中(zhong)在第1.7條對通知(zhi)的形式作出了明確的規定(ding)。

第一，與合同(tong)有關的通(tong)知均(jun)應采用書面(mian)形(xing)式(shi)。

第二(er)，對于通(tong)知的(de)發送方式，包括特(te)快專(zhuan)遞或專(zhuan)人、掛(gua)號信、傳真或雙方商定(ding)的(de)電(dian)子傳輸方式，雙方均應在專(zhuan)用合同條件中(zhong)約(yue)定(ding)其中(zhong)一種或多種。

第三(san)，對于(yu)通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)的接收地(di)址(zhi)，雙方均應在專用合同條件中約定各(ge)自(zi)的收件地(di)址(zhi)；如(ru)收件地(di)址(zhi)發(fa)生變動的，應提前3天以書(shu)面形式通(tong)(tong)知(zhi)對方。

第(di)四，對于(yu)通知的(de)(de)發出(chu)時限要(yao)求，通知的(de)(de)發送時間應在合同約定的(de)(de)期限內（如無約定，應在合理期限內）；合同中(zhong)對于(yu)不(bu)同的(de)(de)觸(chu)發事(shi)件規定了不(bu)同的(de)(de)發出(chu)時限要(yao)求。

第五，合同(tong)一方(fang)對另一方(fang)發出(chu)的任何通知均(jun)應抄送工程(cheng)師。

第六(liu)，對通(tong)知(zhi)的(de)及時簽收義務(wu)，發包人(ren)和承包人(ren)應當及時簽收另一方(fang)(fang)(fang)通(tong)過約定的(de)送(song)達方(fang)(fang)(fang)式送(song)達至收件地址的(de)通(tong)知(zhi)；拒(ju)不簽收的(de)，由此(ci)增(zeng)加的(de)費用和（或）延誤的(de)工期由拒(ju)絕接(jie)收一方(fang)(fang)(fang)承擔。

盡(jin)管第1.7條(tiao)已經對通知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)涉及的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)(ti)進行了(le)比較全面的(de)(de)(de)約定(ding)(ding)，但還有(you)一(yi)個問題(ti)(ti)值得注意，即“推定(ding)(ding)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)達(da)(da)”機制的(de)(de)(de)設定(ding)(ding)。合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)通知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)款，除了(le)列明(ming)通知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體要求外(wai)，還有(you)一(yi)個作用(yong)是(shi)分配(pei)通知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)達(da)(da)失敗的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險。如果合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)約定(ding)(ding)通知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)到(dao)(dao)達(da)(da)接收(shou)(shou)者時(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)，則接收(shou)(shou)者可通過規避送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)達(da)(da)、拒絕接收(shou)(shou)等手(shou)段推遲(chi)通知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)達(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)效(xiao)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)，繼而引起合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)糾紛(fen)，對通知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)方(fang)(fang)(fang)較為(wei)不(bu)利(li)。因(yin)此，為(wei)了(le)控制通知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)達(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險，需要在(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)設定(ding)(ding)“推定(ding)(ding)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)達(da)(da)”機制。即在(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)約定(ding)(ding)通知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)出一(yi)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)后(hou)(hou)視為(wei)對方(fang)(fang)(fang)收(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)。推定(ding)(ding)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)達(da)(da)可以(yi)從一(yi)定(ding)(ding)程(cheng)度上減輕發(fa)(fa)(fa)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)方(fang)(fang)(fang)所承(cheng)擔的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險，限(xian)(xian)制接收(shou)(shou)方(fang)(fang)(fang)不(bu)規范收(shou)(shou)悉(xi)行為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)。在(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)設計實踐中(zhong)(zhong)，常為(wei)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)類型的(de)(de)(de)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)達(da)(da)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式規定(ding)(ding)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)推定(ding)(ding)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)達(da)(da)時(shi)(shi)限(xian)(xian)。如FIDIC 2017版合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)條(tiao)件中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)第1.3款中(zhong)(zhong)約定(ding)(ding)，“通過電子傳輸方(fang)(fang)(fang)式發(fa)(fa)(fa)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)通知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)視同(tong)(tong)在(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)第二(er)天收(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)，除非(fei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)方(fang)(fang)(fang)收(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)了(le)未送(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)通知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。

不同情況下對承包人的通(tong)知要求

按(an)照具體通(tong)知(zhi)內(nei)容的(de)(de)不(bu)同，承包(bao)人應發出的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)通(tong)常(chang)可以分為兩類(lei)：第一類(lei)是關(guan)于(yu)風險(xian)與(yu)權利(li)主(zhu)張的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)，第二類(lei)是關(guan)于(yu)行動(dong)的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)（包(bao)括對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)自身行動(dong)的(de)(de)示(shi)(shi)意和(he)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)方行動(dong)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)）。本(ben)文根據(ju)上述(shu)兩類(lei)內(nei)容對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)2020版工程總承包(bao)合同范本(ben)中關(guan)于(yu)承包(bao)人的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)要求(qiu)進行了整理，展示(shi)(shi)了通(tong)知(zhi)所涉及(ji)的(de)(de)條款、通(tong)知(zhi)的(de)(de)內(nei)容要求(qiu)、時限要求(qiu)、通(tong)知(zhi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)象以及(ji)未通(tong)知(zhi)的(de)(de)后果(guo)，如表1、表2所示(shi)(shi)。

表1  2020版工程(cheng)總承包合同范本中承包人關于(yu)風險與權利主張的(de)通知

表2  2020版工(gong)程總承包合同范(fan)本(ben)中承包人關于行動的通知

從表1可以看出(chu)，對(dui)于(yu)承(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)關于(yu)風險(xian)與(yu)權利主張(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)，2020版工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總承(cheng)包(bao)合同范(fan)本(ben)中(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)通(tong)知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)時限提出(chu)了相對(dui)明(ming)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，但(dan)對(dui)于(yu)未及(ji)時發(fa)(fa)出(chu)通(tong)知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)果則很(hen)少進行明(ming)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約定，這很(hen)可能(neng)為后(hou)續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)爭(zheng)議埋下(xia)隱患。以1.12款(kuan)[《發(fa)(fa)包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)要求(qiu)》和基礎(chu)資料中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錯(cuo)誤(wu)]為例，“承(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)應盡(jin)早(zao)認真閱(yue)讀、復核《發(fa)(fa)包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)要求(qiu)》以及(ji)其提供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)資料，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)錯(cuo)誤(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，應及(ji)時書(shu)面(mian)通(tong)知(zhi)發(fa)(fa)包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)補正”。本(ben)條款(kuan)只是約定承(cheng)包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)有通(tong)知(zhi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錯(cuo)誤(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)義務，但(dan)并未明(ming)確約定未通(tong)知(zhi)或(huo)未及(ji)時發(fa)(fa)出(chu)通(tong)知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)果責任承(cheng)擔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。如果后(hou)期因為《發(fa)(fa)包(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)要求(qiu)》中(zhong)(zhong)存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錯(cuo)誤(wu)導致工(gong)(gong)(gong)期延誤(wu)或(huo)費用增加，則雙方很(hen)可能(neng)對(dui)責任承(cheng)擔發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)爭(zheng)議。

從表2來看(kan)，在(zai)承(cheng)包人需要執(zhi)行某(mou)項行動或要求對方(fang)執(zhi)行某(mou)項行動時(shi)，很多地(di)方(fang)并(bing)未約定(ding)明確(que)(que)的(de)時(shi)限要求，對于未通知(zhi)的(de)后果也留(liu)有空白。建議合同(tong)雙方(fang)在(zai)專用合同(tong)條(tiao)件中對相關事項予以明確(que)(que)約定(ding)，以規避(bi)爭議的(de)發生。

對(dui)承包(bao)人加強合同管(guan)理的建(jian)議

承包人(ren)應(ying)嚴(yan)格遵循合同中關于通知要(yao)求的約定，以(yi)避免己方(fang)的合法權益有所損害。對此，承包人(ren)應(ying)注(zhu)意以(yi)下幾點(dian)。

第一，要(yao)擺正(zheng)對通知的(de)認知，認識其重(zhong)要(yao)性(xing)。通知不僅意味著某些行為具有(you)(you)法(fa)律效力的(de)開(kai)始，督促相關方履(lv)行合同(tong)(tong)義務；同(tong)(tong)時也是后續爭議處理過程中的(de)有(you)(you)力證據，在(zai)訴訟環(huan)節可有(you)(you)效降低時間、資金、人力等成本的(de)損耗。

第二(er)，要嚴格(ge)按照(zhao)約定的(de)形式(shi)發送通知(zhi)。如(ru)果合(he)同(tong)(tong)中對通知(zhi)形式(shi)提出了具體要求(qiu)，包(bao)含遞送形式(shi)、合(he)同(tong)(tong)當事人通訊地(di)址(zhi)格(ge)式(shi)等，承(cheng)包(bao)人應嚴格(ge)遵(zun)守，以免對本應得(de)到的(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)救濟產生影響，甚至喪失(shi)索賠(pei)權利(li)。

第三，要(yao)(yao)在(zai)約定(ding)的時限要(yao)(yao)求內(nei)發送(song)通知(zhi)，避免延誤發送(song)通知(zhi)造(zao)成(cheng)后續爭(zheng)議。

第四，要(yao)(yao)按照合(he)(he)同中的約定編寫(xie)通(tong)知(zhi)內容(rong)，防止因內容(rong)不符合(he)(he)要(yao)(yao)求而(er)造成履行通(tong)知(zhi)義務瑕疵的問題出現(xian)(xian)，影響己方(fang)合(he)(he)同權益的完全實現(xian)(xian)。

來源：中國招標